Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible blindness in older adults. GA leads to the gradual degeneration of retinal cells, resulting in the formation of blank or dark areas (atrophic lesions) in the central vision.

The condition is termed "geographic" because the affected areas of retinal atrophy appear on imaging to have well-defined, map-like borders. The progress of GA can be slow, and in its early stages, it might not cause noticeable symptoms. However, as the condition advances, it can significantly impact daily activities, such as reading, recognizing faces, and driving.